1917
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- A.Einstein: Published "On the quantum mechanics of radiation", explaining spontaneous and stimulated emission
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1920
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- J.Franck, F.Reiche: Evidence of metastable state in excited helium
|
1927
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- P.A.M.Dirac: Quantum interpretation of stimulated emission
|
1928
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- R.Laddenburg et al.: Experimental verification of stimulated emission in gas discharges
|
1950
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- E.M.Purcell, R.Pound: Generation of stimulated emission for inversely populated nuclear spins -
Kastler, J.Brossel: Generation of a predominant population of higher
energy states (i.e. population inversion) through optical pumping
|
1951
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- V.A.Fabrikant: Suggestion to amplify electromagnetic radiation in a medium with prevailing population inversion - Ch.A.Townes et al.: Discussion of the option of a radiation amplifier exploiting the population inversion (-> 1954) - C.S. van Heel, H.H.Hopkins and N.S.Kapany: first technically applicable glass fibres with core and casing
|
1954
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- N.G.Basov and A.M.Prohorov: Propositions and calculations for a microwave oscillator based on stimulated emission - Ch.H.Townes e t al.: First maser (= Microwave Amplifier by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) based on ammonia molecules - N.S.Kapany: Coins the term "fiber optics"
|
1956
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- N.Bloembergen: Theory of a low noise paramagnetic amplifier within a three-level system - R.H.Dicke: First US patent for a maser with emission in the infrared range (not realised) |
1958
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- L.Schawlow and Ch.H.Townes: Propositions and calculations for the realisation of masers for light and infrared (-> 1960)
|
1959
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- G.Gould submits construction sketches for an
optical maser for a US patent and introduces the term "laser" (= Light
Amplifier by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) - N.G.Basoc et al.: Proposition for a semiconductor laser (-> 1962)
|
1960
|
- T.H.Maiman: First laser, consisiting of a ruby
bar (Cr3+:Al2O3) with two parallel faces as resonator and a pulsed
flashbulb as optical pumping source, emission wavelength 0.6943
micrometres - A.Javan: First gas laser, coninuous stimulated
emission at a wavelength of 1.15 micrometres in a helium-neon gas
mixture with neon as the emitting atom - P.P.Sorokin and M.J.Stevenson: Stimulated emission of U3+:CaF2 at wavelengths of 2.5 micrometres and 2.6 micrometres - F.G.Houtermans: Proposal to use excimers as a laser medium (-> 1971)
|
1961
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- A.G.Fox and T.Li; G.D.Boyd and J.P.Gordon: Theory of optical resonators with spherical mirrors - P.P.Sorokin and M.J.Stevenson, W.Kaiser et al.: Stimulated emission of Sm2+:CaF2 at a wavelength of 0.7080 micrometres - E.Snitzer: Stimulated emission of Nd3+:glass at a wavelength of 1.0623 micrometres - J.C.Polani: Proposition of a chemical laser (-> 1965) - E.Snitzer: Combined laser with optical fibres - R.W.Hellwarth: Proposition to generate intense laser pulses via Q-switching (-> 1964) - P.A.Franken et al.: First frequency doubling of (ruby) laser light passing through a quartz crystal (-> 1962)
|
1962
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- D.White and J.D.Ridgen: Development of the
helium-neon (HeNe) laser with an emission wavelength of 0.6328
micrometres. This is set to become the most widely used gas laser -
R.N.Hall et al., M.I.Nathan et al., T.M.Quist et al.: Pulsed stimulated
emission of cooled GaAs diodes (doped with Zn and Te) at a wavelength
of 0.84 micrometres - D.A.Kleinmann and P.P.Kisliuk: First Fabry-Perot reflector within a laser resonator for mode selection -
N.Bloembergen et al.: Theory of wave propagation in non-linear media
(frequency doubling, parametric processes (-> 1965), stimulated
Raman effect, multiple photon absorption and others) - E.J.Woodbury, W.K.Ng: First observation of stimulated Raman scattering
|
1963
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- L.F.Johnson et al.: First tuneable solid-state
lasers based on transition metal ions, e.g. Ni2+:MgF2, wavelengths 1.62
micrometres to 1.8 micrometres - F.H.Dill; W.E.Howard et al.: Continuous stimulated 0.84 micrometers emission of GaAs diodes at temperatures of 2 K to 77 K - B.Lax et al.: Propagation of light in pn diodes interpreted as the effect of a dielectric wave guide - N.G.Basov and A.N.Oraevskii: Proposition of a gas-dynamic laser (-> 1966) - H.G.Heard: First N2-laser - H.Kroemer; Zh.I.Alferov and R.F.Kazarinov: Proposition of a double-hetero structure laser diode (-> 1968) - R.Newman: Proposition to pump solid-state lasers with laser diodes (-> 1964) - M.Coupland: First application of a GaAs laser diode as optical amplifier
|
1964
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- J.E.Geusic et al.: Stimulated 1.0641
micrometers emission of Nd:YAG, i.e. Nd3+:Y3Al5O12; basis for the most
common solid-state laser - C.K.N.Patel: 10 micrometers CO2 laser, effective and powerful laser - W.B.Bridges: Argon ion laser with an emission wavelength of 0.514 micrometres, 0.488 micrometres etc.; xenon and krypton laser -
H.A.Gebbie et al.: 337 micrometres HCN laser, first effective
sub-millimetre-wave laser, bridges wavelength gap between infrared and
microwaves - E.A.J.Marcatili and R.A.Schmeltzer: Proposition and calculations for wave guide gas laser (-> 1967) - R.J.Keyes, T.M.Quist: First diode-pumped solid-state lasers (GaAs laser diode pumps U3+:CaF2) at 4.2 K - S.E.Harris, R.Targ: First active mode coupling with the aid of an acoustooptic loss modulator in a cw He-Ne laser - P.Kafalas et al., B.H.Soffer, P.P.Sverokin et al.: Realisation of a Q-switch through a saturable absorber as passive switch - W.E.Lamb; H.Dänzer: Theory of induced emission as expanded quantum-mechanical dispersion theory
|
1965
|
- J.V.V.Kasper and G.C.Pimentel: First realisation of a chemical laser based on HCl, emission wavelength 3.5 micrometres - B.Fritz and E.Menke: First colour-centre laser based on KCl:Li/Fa, emission wavelength 2.7 micrometres -
H.W.Mocker and R.J.Collins: First generation of ultra-short light
pulses (ps range) through passive mode coupling of a ruby laser -
J.A.Giordmaine, R.C.Miller: First optical parametric oscillator (OPO),
non-linear material LiNbO3, pump signal: frequency-doubled Nd:CaWO4
|
1966
|
- R.Kantrowitz et al.: First realisation of a gas-dynamic CO2 laser with an emission wavelength of 10 micrometres -
P.P.Sorokin and J.R.Lankard: First pulsed dye laser: Stimulated
emission of chloride of aluminium phtalocyanin dissolved in ethyl
alcohol, emission wavelength 0.756 micrometres, pumped with a ruby laser -
F.P.Schäfer et al.: Dye laser: Pulsed stimulation emission of
3-3'-diethyltricarbocyanin, tuneable through variation of the solvent - W.T.Walter: First copper vapour laser, wavelengths 510.6 nm and 578.2 nm
|
1967
|
- F.K.Kneubühl et al.: Calculation and realisation of a wave guide gas laser as 337 micrometres HCN laser - T.F.Deutsch; K.L.Kompa and G.C.Pimentel: First hydrogen fluoride (HF) laser
|
1968
|
- Zh.I.Alferov et al.: Pulsed-mode operation of a double-hetero structure laser diode - W.Schmidt, E.P.Schäfer: First passive mode coupling for a dye laser - M.Ross: First diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser - W.T.Walter: First gold vapour laser, wavelength 627.8 nm - W.F.Kosonocky et al., J.I.Pankove: First concept for monolithic laser diode arrays (-> 1978)
|
1969
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- W.B.Tiffany et al.: First powerful CO2 laser (kW range)
|
1970
|
- O.G.Peterson et al.: Continuous stimulated emission of rhodamine 6G in water -
T.Y.Chang and T.J.Bridges: 496 micrometres CH3F laser, first
laser-pumped gas laser, large number of stimulated emissions in the far
infrared up to 3 mm wavelength - J.Beaulieu: Transversely Excited Atmospheric Pressure (TEA) CO2-Laser - May: Zh.I.Alferov et al.: First continuously emitting double-hetero structure laser diode at room temperature - June: I.Hayashi, M.B.Panish et al.: Continuously operating laser diode at room temperature - L.Esaki and R.Tsu: First quantum well structures (-> 1978)
|
1971
|
- N.G.Basov et al.: Xe*2 laser, first excimer laser - H.Kogelnik and C.V.Shank: Distributed Feedback (DFB) dye laser - J.M.J.Madey: Proposition of a "free electron" laser (-> 1977) - L.F.Johnson, H.G.Guggenheim: First observation of stimulated emission through up-conversion processes (-> 1987)
|
1972
|
- E.P.Ippen, R.H.Stolen: First experiments for stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibres
|
1973
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- M.Nakamura and A.Yariv et al.: First DFB semiconductor laser
|
1974
|
- L.F.Mollennauer and D.H.Olson: First tuneable
colour-centre laser based on KCl:LiFA(II), wavelengths 2.6 micrometre
to 2.8 micrometre - G.Marovsky: Use of a ring resonator for suppressing spatial "hole burning"
|
1975
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- H.Haken: Interprets laser instabilities with differential equations with chaotic solutions - T.W.Hänsch and A.L.Schawlow, D.J.Wineland and H.G.Dehmelt: Proposition to cool atomic beams with lasers (-> 1981)
|
1976
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- J.Hsieh: Continuously emitting InGaAsP laser diode with an emission wavelength of 1.25 micrometre
|
1977
|
- D.A.G.Deacon et al.: First "free electron" laser
|
1978
|
- J.C.Walling: Continuously tuneable solid-state
laser based on alexandrite (BeAl2O4:Cr3+), tuneable in the range 710 nm
to 820 nm - D.R.Scifres et al.: First efficient phase-coupled monolithic laser diode array - R.D.Dupius et al.: Operation of a quantum well laser diode based on GaAlAs/GaAs at room temperature
|
1979
|
- E.Affolter and F.K.Kneubühl: DFB gas laser - H.Soda et al.: First surface-emitting laser diodes (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers = VCSEL)(-> 1985) |
1980
|
- L.F.Mollenauer, R.Stolen, J.P.Gordon: First observation of solitons in optical fibres (-> 1983) - Zs.Bor: Generation of ultra-short single pulses with a dye laser
|
1981
|
- V.S.Letokov, V.G.Minogin: Calculations regarding the cooling of atomic beams via laser light (-> 1985) -
F.Koyama et al.: Laser diodes with Distributed Bragg Reflector (= DBR),
material GaInAsP/InP, emission wavelength 1.58 micrometre
|
1982
|
- P.F.Moulton: First Ti:sapphire laser (Ti3+:Al2O3), tuneable in the range 670 nm to 1079 nm
|
1983
|
- L.F.Mollenauer, R.Stolen: First soliton laser
|
1984
|
- D.Meschede, G.Walther, G.Müller: Proof that
individual atoms (so-called Rydberg atoms) can induce and maintain
continuous resonator excitation: First single-atom maser (-> 1994) |
1985
|
- L.Anesson and F.K.Kneubühl: Helical Feedback (HFB) laser - S.Chu et al.: Development of a method for laser cooling of atomic beams - D.L.Matthews et al.: X-ray laser ("soft X-ray amplifier" at 15 nm wavelength) - T.J.Kane and R.L.Byer: Diode-pumped monolithic Nd:YAG ring laser - K.Iga et al.: Pulsed-mode operation of a surface-emitting GaAlAs/GaAs laser diode (VCSEL) at room temperature
|
1987
|
- A.J.Silversmith et al.: First continuously operated up-conversion laser -
D.Payne: Development of an erbium-doped fibre amplifier (Erbium Doped
Fiber Amplifier = EDFA) with an operating wavelength of 1.55 micrometre
|
1988
|
- S.A.Payne et al.: First Cr:LiCaF laser, tuneable in the range 720 nm to 840 nm
|
1989
|
- S.A.Payne et al.: First Cr:LiSaF laser, tuneable in the range 780 nm to 920 nm |
1990
|
- L.Canham: Observation of the radiation emission in the visible spectral range in porous silicon
|
1991
|
- M.Haase et al.: First short-term operation of a blue-green emitting laser diode on the basis of the II-VI semiconductor ZnSe
|
1992
|
- G.Green, G.Leising et al.: Organic polymer LED, emitting in the blue spectral range
|
1994
|
- F.capasso, J.Faist, A.Cho et al.: Population
inversion in discrete energy levels within the conduction band: First
quantum cascade laser, emission in the mid-infrared range - N.Kirstaeder et al.: Basic structure of a quantum dot laser - M.Yan et al.: Proof of stimulated emission in conjugated polymers (->1996) - K.An et al.: First single-atom laser, emission wavelength 791 nm |
1995
|
- M.H.Anderson et al., K.B.Davis et al.: First observation of the Bose-Einstein condensation in stored atomar gases (-> 1997)
|
1996
|
- S.Nakamura: First efficient blue emitting laser diode at room temperature based on the III-V semiconductor GaN - R.H.Friend: Optically pumped polymer laser
|
1997
|
- W.Ketterle et al., M.R.Andrews et al.: Verification of the coherent character of the Bose-Einstein condensate (-> 1999)
|
1999
|
- W.Ketterle et al., M.Kozuma et al.: First atom
laser: Coherent amplification of matter waves on passing through an
atom reservoir - O.Paintner et al.: Optical pumping causing laser activity in porous InGaAsP structures |